In the evolving world of cannabis science, terpenes are stepping out of the background. These aromatic compounds, long known for giving cannabis its distinctive scent and flavour, are now being explored for their therapeutic potential and role in modulating the effects of cannabinoids.
What Are Terpenes?
Terpenes are volatile organic compounds produced by a wide range of plants, including cannabis. In cannabis, they are synthesised in the same glandular trichomes that produce cannabinoids and flavonoids. More than 150 terpenes have been identified in cannabis, with concentrations that vary based on genetics, environmental factors and processing.
Key cannabis terpenes include:
Terpenes and the Entourage Effect
The entourage effect hypothesises that terpenes and cannabinoids interact synergistically to produce enhanced therapeutic effects. While this theory requires more robust clinical evidence, it is generating significant interest in both medicinal and wellness-focused cannabis product development.
Preclinical data suggest that terpene-cannabinoid combinations may influence outcomes such as:
This potential has spurred demand for cannabis products positioned by desired effects, such as focus, calm or sleep, with terpene profiles playing a central role.
Analytical Challenges and Innovation
From a scientific standpoint, terpene analysis presents several challenges.
Volatility
Terpenes degrade and evaporate easily, making sample handling and storage critical.
Matrix complexity
Every strain of cannabis consists of a diverse terpene profile, with many terpenes sharing similar structures these therefore require selective, sensitive methods to avoid interference.
Standardisation
With dozens of terpenes of interest, developing validated multi-terpene methods across different product matrices is complex.
Regulatory ambiguity
Terpenes are not yet regulated in the same way as cannabinoids, but this could change as functional claims increase.
At Broughton, we are actively exploring these challenges as part of our ongoing method development work.
Our team is working at the forefront of cannabis science, evaluating analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and headspace analysis to improve accuracy and robustness in terpene testing.
Looking Ahead: Partnering for Progress
While terpene analysis is not currently a routine regulatory requirement, its value is increasing, particularly for brands looking to innovate, differentiate and build credibility. As a global contract research organisation working across medicinal and wellness markets, Broughton partners with clients to develop bespoke testing strategies that align with both product goals and scientific standards.
We believe that a more strategic approach to terpene analysis, grounded in robust science, tailored methodology and collaborative innovation, will be essential as the industry matures.
If you would like to explore how terpene analysis could support your next cannabis product, we would be pleased to discuss your needs and identify a path forward together.